86-06: The Importance of Crystal Structure to the Water Treatment Industry Sidestream Softening

86-06: The Importance of Crystal Structure to the Water Treatment Industry Sidestream SofteningOne of the most persistent problems facing the water treatment industry today is the occurrence of fouled heat transfer surfaces. Crystallization of inorganic salts having inverse solubility is one of the most common reasons for this phenomenon. Part 1 of the paper overviews the topic of crystal structure where concepts of a crystal lattice, coordination principle, ionic radii and miller indices are explained. Part 2 of the article deals with crystal

two-stage evaporative cooling tower dry ambient air conditions

When operated to duplicate conventional cooling tower output for a given application

Reinforced concrete structures are designed and built to function for a certain period of time with as little maintenance as possible

is increasing rapidly

where it is shown that the process can produce make-up water at a fraction of the apex of conventional processes

Advances in online testing and online instrumentation allowing quick decisions about the quality of these waters

in situations requiring close control

Operating conditions increasingly utilize alkaline pH

This paper discusses how high-level halogen applications should be managed to provide optimal polymer control

is the fastest growing challenger to conventional treatment

concern was expressed about the possible detrimental effects of releasing large quantities of heat and water vapor into the atmosphere from concentrated

has grown at a rate of 7 percent annually